PRE WORKOUT INGREDIENTS

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Acetyl L-Carnitine:

• Acetyl L-Carnitine is an amino acid that helps transport fatty acids into mitochondria, potentially enhancing energy production. It might also support focus and cognitive function.
• What it does: Supports energy production and cognitive function.
• Optimal dosage: 500-2000 mg

Acetyl L-Tyrosine:

• Acetyl L-Tyrosine is an amino acid involved in the production of neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. It's claimed to support cognitive function, mood, and stress reduction during exercise.
• What it does: Supports cognitive function, mood, and stress reduction.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 500-2000 mg

Advantra-z:

• Advantra-z, derived from bitter orange, contains synephrine, which may boost metabolism and energy. It might aid in fat loss and improve exercise performance.
• What it does: Boosts metabolism and energy.
• Optimal dosage: 6-20 mg

Agmatine Sulphate:

• Agmatine Sulphate is a metabolite of L-arginine that may regulate nitric oxide levels. It potentially enhances blood flow, supporting nutrient delivery and muscle pumps during workouts.
• What it does: Supports enhanced blood flow and nutrient delivery.
• Optimal dosage: 500-1000 mg

Alpha GPC:

• Alpha GPC is a choline compound involved in acetylcholine production, a neurotransmitter linked to muscle control and cognitive function. It may enhance strength and cognitive focus during workouts.
• What it does: Supports muscle control and cognitive focus.
• Optimal dosage: 300-600 mg

AlphaSize (Alpha-Glyceryl Phosphoryl Choline):

• AlphaSize, or Alpha-Glyceryl Phosphoryl Choline, is a choline compound that might enhance acetylcholine levels, supporting cognitive function and potentially improving mind-muscle connection during workouts.
• What it does: Supports cognitive function and mind-muscle connection.
• Optimal dosage: 300-600 mg

Amentopump:

• Amentopump is derived from Selaginella tamariscina and may support vasodilation, potentially improving blood flow and muscle pumps during workouts.
• What it does: Supports vasodilation for improved blood flow.
• Optimal dosage: Information varies; consult product labels.

Ampiberry:

• Ampiberry might aid in energy levels and fat loss. It's often included in supplements to enhance the effects of other ingredients.
• What it does: Aids in energy and potentially fat loss.
• Optimal dosage: Information varies; consult product labels.

Arginine:

• Arginine is an amino acid involved in nitric oxide synthesis, aiding in vasodilation and potentially improving blood flow. It might support better nutrient delivery and muscle pumps during exercise.
• What it does: Enhances vasodilation and blood flow.
• Optimal dosage: 3-6 grams

Arctic Root (Rhodiola Rosea):

• Arctic Root, or Rhodiola Rosea, is an adaptogenic herb that may reduce fatigue and improve endurance, supporting physical performance.
• What it does: Reduces fatigue and enhances endurance.
• Optimal dosage: 200-600 mg

Astragin:

• Astragin is a compound made from Panax notoginseng and Astragalus membranaceus. It might enhance nutrient absorption, supporting the uptake of other supplements.
• What it does: Enhances nutrient absorption.
• Optimal dosage: 25-50 mg

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Beet Root Extract:

• Beet Root Extract contains nitrates that convert into nitric oxide, potentially improving blood flow, enhancing exercise performance, and reducing fatigue.
• What it does: Improves blood flow, exercise performance, and reduces fatigue.
• Optimal dosage: Varies; typical doses range from 500 mg to 2000 mg.

Beta-Alanine:

• Beta-Alanine is an amino acid crucial for carnosine production, a compound that buffers acid in muscles, staving off fatigue during intense workouts. Some users experience a harmless tingling sensation known as paresthesia.
• What it does: Delays muscle fatigue during high-intensity workouts.
• Optimal dosage: 3.2 grams (The clinically validated dose of Beta-Alanine is between 3-5 grams per day)

Betaine Anhydrous:

• Betaine Anhydrous is found in beets and may support muscle protein synthesis, aiding in power output, and strength. It may also help in maintaining hydration.
• What it does: Supports muscle protein synthesis, power output, and strength.
• Optimal dosage: Around 1.25-2.5 grams.

Betaine Nitrate:

• Betaine Nitrate might support nitric oxide production, which can enhance blood flow and exercise performance.
• What it does: Supports nitric oxide production and potentially enhances blood flow. 
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Bioperine:

• Bioperine is derived from black pepper and may enhance nutrient absorption, potentially improving the bioavailability and efficacy of other ingredients.
• What it does: Enhances nutrient absorption.
• Optimal dosage: Varies; typical doses range from 5 mg to 20 mg.

Biophytum DC:

• Biophytum DC is an herb with potential adaptogenic properties, aiding in stress reduction and possibly supporting exercise performance.
• What it does: May offer stress reduction and support exercise performance.
• Optimal dosage: Doses vary; consult product labels.

Biotin:

• Biotin is a B-vitamin that supports energy metabolism and may aid in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
• What it does: Supports energy metabolism.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 30-100 mcg.

Blueberry Juice Powder:

• Blueberry Juice Powder contains antioxidants and compounds that may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. It may potentially support overall health.
• What it does: Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, supports overall health.
• Optimal dosage: Varies; typical doses range from 100 mg to 500 mg.

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Caffeine Anhydrous: 

• Caffeine is a widely used ingredient known for its stimulating effects. It is a central nervous system stimulant that crosses the blood-brain barrier. It works by blocking adenosine receptors, increasing alertness, and reducing perceived effort during exercise. It can enhance focus and endurance.
• What it does: Increases alertness, reduces perceived effort during exercise, enhances focus, and endurance.
• Optimal dosage: 150-300 mg

Carnitine:

• Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that plays a role in energy production by transporting fatty acids into mitochondria for metabolism. It may support fat burning and exercise performance.
• What it does: Supports fatty acid transport and energy production.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 500-2000 mg.

Carnosyn:

• Carnosyn is a patented form of beta-alanine, an amino acid that helps buffer acid in muscles, delaying fatigue during high-intensity workouts. It might cause a harmless tingling sensation called paresthesia.
• What it does: Delays muscle fatigue during high-intensity workouts.
• Optimal dosage: 3.2-6.4 grams (clinically validated dose ranges from 3-6 grams per day).

Choline Bitartrate:

• Choline Bitartrate is a form of choline, a nutrient that plays a role in brain function and helps produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It may support cognitive function.
• What it does: Supports brain function and cognitive function.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 250-1000 mg.

L-Citrulline:

• L-Citrulline is an amino acid that increases nitric oxide production, potentially enhancing blood flow, muscle pumps, and nutrient delivery during workouts.
• What it does: Enhances blood flow, muscle pumps, and nutrient delivery.
• Optimal dosage: Usually around 6-10 grams.

Citrulline Malate:

• Citrulline Malate is a mixture of citrulline and malic acid. It is not as good as Citrulline separate from malic acid  but can still increase nitric oxide production, potentially enhancing blood flow, muscle pumps, and nutrient delivery during workouts.
• What it does: Enhances blood flow, muscle pumps, and nutrient delivery.
• Optimal dosage: Usually around 6-8 grams.

Citicoline CDP-Choline:

• Citicoline, also known as CDP-Choline, is a compound that may enhance brain function, improve focus, and support memory.
• What it does: Supports brain function, focus, and memory.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 250-1000 mg.

coLEAN™ (Alpha GPC, Choline DL-Bitartrate, Citicoline Blend):

• coLEAN™ is a specific blend comprising Alpha GPC, Choline DL-Bitartrate, and Citicoline. This combination may target cognitive support and potentially aid in various cognitive functions. 
• What it does: Aims to support cognitive function through a blend of Alpha GPC, Choline DL-Bitartrate, and Citicoline.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage recommendations may vary depending on the specific formulation and product guidelines.

Cocoamine:

• Cocoamine, derived from cacao beans, contains various compounds that may support mood, focus, and energy levels.
• What it does: Supports mood, focus, and energy.
• Optimal dosage: Doses can vary; consult product labels.

Coco Etanol:

• Coco Etanol might refer to a compound derived from coconut oil, potentially used for various purposes in supplements. Specific details and benefits may vary based on the product formulation.
• What it does: Functions can vary based on product usage.

Cocomineral® (Cocos Nucifera):

• Cocomineral® is a formulation likely derived from cocos nucifera, commonly known as coconut. It may offer various potential health benefits due to its nutritional composition.
• What it does: Provides potential electrolyte support, healthy fats, antioxidants, and may benefit skin and hair health.
• Optimal dosage: Information regarding optimal dosage may vary; consult product labels or manufacturer guidelines.

Creatine Monohydrate:

• Creatine is a compound that helps produce ATP, the primary energy currency of cells. It supports quick bursts of energy, aiding in strength, power, and muscle growth.
• What it does: Supports energy production, strength, and muscle growth.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 3-5 grams per day.

Creapure:

• Creapure is a patented form of creatine monohydrate, known for its purity and high quality. Like creatine, it supports energy production, strength, and muscle growth.
• What it does: Supports energy production, strength, and muscle growth.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 3-5 grams per day.

________D________

Dendrobium:

• Dendrobium is an orchid used in traditional Chinese medicine. In supplements, it's claimed to support physical performance and energy levels, though scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited.
• What it does: Claimed to support physical performance and energy.
• Optimal dosage: Information on specific dosages may vary; consult product labels.

Deer Antler Velvet Extract:

• Deer Antler Velvet Extract is claimed to contain IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) and other growth factors that may support muscle growth and recovery, although concrete scientific evidence is lacking.
• What it does: Claimed to support muscle growth and recovery.
• Optimal dosage: Varies widely; consult product labels.

Di-Caffeine Malate:

• Di-Caffeine Malate is a combination of caffeine and malic acid. It is claimed to provide a slower release of caffeine, potentially reducing the risk of caffeine crash. It acts as a stimulant, improving focus and energy.
• What it does: Acts as a stimulant to improve focus and energy.
• Optimal dosage: Information on specific dosages may vary; consult product labels.

D-Aspartic Acid (DAA):

• D-Aspartic Acid is an amino acid that may support testosterone production, which could potentially enhance muscle growth and strength. However, scientific evidence on its effectiveness is mixed.
• What it does: Claimed to support testosterone production and muscle growth.
• Optimal dosage: Around 2-3 grams per day.

DHMA (Octodrine):

• DHMA, also known as Octodrine, was used as a stimulant in some supplements and claimed to enhance energy and focus. However, it has been banned in several countries due to safety concerns and potential health risks.
• What it does: Claimed to enhance energy and focus (Note: banned in some regions).
• Optimal dosage: No established safe dosage due to its banned status.

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Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian Ginseng):

• Eleutherococcus senticosus, or Siberian Ginseng, is an adaptogenic herb that may help the body adapt to stress and potentially improve endurance. It's believed to support overall vitality and stamina, possibly aiding in exercise performance.
• What it does: Aids in stress adaptation and endurance.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 300-1200 mg (standardized extract).

EnXtra® (Alpinia Galanga):

• EnXtra® is a patented extract from Alpinia galanga, a herb used in traditional medicine. It's claimed to improve alertness and focus without caffeine-related side effects. EnXtra® might be included in pre-workout supplements to enhance mental clarity and energy.
• What it does: Enhances mental clarity and energy.
• Optimal dosage: Information on specific dosages may vary; follow product guidelines.

Ephedra Extract:

• Ephedra Extract, derived from the Ephedra sinica plant, contains ephedrine alkaloids known for their stimulant effects. It was previously used in supplements for its potential to increase energy and metabolism. However, due to safety concerns and regulatory restrictions, its use has been heavily restricted or banned in many countries.
• Optimal dosage: Not recommended due to safety concerns and legal restrictions.

Epimedium (Horny Goat Weed):

• Epimedium, commonly known as Horny Goat Weed, is an herb that has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine. It is believed to have potential aphrodisiac properties and may be included in supplements for energy and vitality. However, scientific evidence supporting its efficacy as a pre-workout supplement is limited.
• Optimal dosage: Information on specific dosages may vary; follow product guidelines.

Eria Jarensis Extract:

• Eria Jarensis Extract contains a compound called N-phenethyl dimethylamine, which is claimed to have stimulant properties similar to DMAA (Dimethylamylamine). It's often included in supplements for potential energy and mood enhancement, though scientific evidence is limited, and its safety profile is not well-established.
• Optimal dosage: Not established due to limited scientific evidence and safety concerns.

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Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids):

• Fish oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids (such as EPA and DHA), might be included in some pre-workout formulations for its potential anti-inflammatory properties and support for overall cardiovascular health. It may indirectly benefit exercise performance by reducing inflammation.
• What it does: Reduces inflammation and supports cardiovascular health.
• Optimal dosage: Varies based on EPA/DHA content; typical doses range from 1000-3000 mg combined EPA and DHA.

Forskolin (Coleus Forskohlii):

• Forskolin is derived from the Coleus forskohlii plant and is claimed to support fat metabolism and weight management. It's suggested to increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in cells, potentially aiding in fat loss.
• What it does: Supports fat metabolism and weight management.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 250 mg of a standardized extract (10% forskolin).

Folic Acid (Vitamin B9):

• Folic Acid, a water-soluble B-vitamin, plays a role in various bodily functions, including cell division and red blood cell production. It's essential for overall health but might not directly impact exercise performance.
• What it does: Supports cell division and red blood cell production.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 400-800 mcg for adults.

Furanone (2-Amino-4-Methylhexane):

• Furanone, also known as 2-Amino-4-Methylhexane, was an ingredient found in some pre-workout supplements claimed to provide energy and focus. However, it has faced regulatory scrutiny due to its similarity to banned substances like DMAA (Dimethylamylamine), leading to its removal from many supplements. Its safety and efficacy are not well-established.
• Optimal dosage: Not recommended due to safety concerns and regulatory restrictions.

Fucose (L-Fucose):

• Fucose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) naturally occurring in certain foods. It's less common in pre-workout supplements but might be included for its potential role in supporting immune function and cellular health.
• What it does: Supports immune function and cellular health.
• Optimal dosage: Information on specific dosages in supplements may vary; consult product labels if available.

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Ginseng Root:

• Ginseng Root, particularly Panax ginseng or Asian ginseng, is an adaptogenic herb used traditionally in various cultures. It's believed to support energy, vitality, and overall well-being. In pre-workout supplements, it may aid in endurance and mental focus.
• What it does: Supports energy, vitality, endurance, and mental focus.
• Optimal dosage: Varies based on the type of ginseng and its preparation.

Glycerpump™ (Glycerol Powder 65%):

• Glycerpump™ is a patented form of glycerol powder standardized to 65%. It's used in supplements for its ability to potentially enhance hydration and improve endurance by increasing the body's water retention in muscles.
• What it does: Enhances hydration and endurance by increasing muscle water retention.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 1000-2000 mg.

Glycopump® (Glycerol Powder):

• Glycopump® is another form of glycerol powder used in supplements to enhance hydration and aid in increasing muscle volume and endurance by improving intracellular water retention.
• What it does: Aids in hydration and increases muscle volume and endurance.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 1000-2000 mg.

Green Tea (Camellia sinensis):

• Green Tea, derived from the Camellia sinensis plant, contains compounds like catechins and caffeine that may have antioxidant properties and support metabolism and energy levels. It's included in some pre-workout supplements for its potential fat-burning effects.
• What it does: Supports metabolism, energy levels, and antioxidant activity.
• Optimal dosage: Typically consumed as a beverage; supplemental dosages can vary.

Guarana Extract:

• Guarana Extract comes from the seeds of the Paullinia cupana plant and contains caffeine along with other stimulant compounds. It's used for its potential energy-boosting effects and might be included in pre-workout supplements for increased alertness and focus.
• What it does: Provides energy and enhances alertness and focus.
• Optimal dosage: Varies; typically standardized to caffeine content.

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Hawthorn Berry:

• Hawthorn Berry is derived from the hawthorn plant and is sometimes included in supplements due to its potential cardiovascular benefits. It's believed to support heart health and circulation, indirectly benefiting exercise performance.
• What it does: Supports heart health and circulation.
• Optimal dosage: Varies; consult product labels for recommended doses.

Higenamine:

• Higenamine is a plant-derived compound claimed to have stimulant effects similar to other compounds like ephedrine. It's included in some supplements for its potential to increase heart rate and energy levels, though scientific evidence is limited.
• What it does: Claimed to increase heart rate and energy levels.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Huperzine A:

• Huperzine A is a natural compound derived from Chinese club moss (Huperzia serrata). It's claimed to enhance memory and cognitive function by inhibiting an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter important for learning and memory.
• What it does: Supports memory and cognitive function.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 50-200 mcg.

Hydromax® (Glycerol Powder 65%):

• Hydromax® is a patented form of glycerol powder standardized to 65%. Similar to Glycerpump™ and Glycopump®, it's used in supplements to enhance hydration and potentially improve endurance by increasing intracellular water retention in muscles.
• What it does: Enhances hydration and endurance.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 1000-2000 mg.

HMB (Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate):

• HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine and is claimed to support muscle recovery and reduce muscle breakdown, potentially aiding in muscle growth and strength gains during exercise.
• What it does: Supports muscle recovery and reduces muscle breakdown.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 1-3 grams per day

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Inositol:

• Inositol, often referred to as Vitamin B8, is a naturally occurring carbohydrate that supports various cellular functions. It's claimed to have mood-regulating properties and may be included in supplements to support mental health and focus.
• What it does: Supports cellular functions and may aid in mood regulation.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 500-2000 mg.

Iron (Ferrous Iron):

• Iron is a mineral essential for the production of hemoglobin in red blood cells, aiding in oxygen transport throughout the body. Adequate iron levels are crucial for energy production and overall athletic performance.
• What it does: Supports oxygen transport and energy production.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage varies based on individual needs and deficiencies.

Isoleucine (Branched-Chain Amino Acid - BCAA):

• Isoleucine is one of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) that play a role in muscle metabolism and energy production. It may assist in muscle repair and recovery post-exercise.
• What it does: Supports muscle repair and recovery.
• Optimal dosage: Typically part of a BCAA blend; recommended daily intake of BCAAs varies.

Indole-3-Carbinol:

• Indole-3-Carbinol is a compound found in cruciferous vegetables and may influence estrogen metabolism in the body. It's sometimes included in supplements for its potential effects on hormone balance, especially for athletes.
• What it does: Influences estrogen metabolism.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Iron Bisglycinate:

• Iron Bisglycinate is a form of iron combined with glycine, believed to enhance absorption and reduce gastrointestinal side effects often associated with other iron supplements. Adequate iron levels are crucial for optimal athletic performance.
• What it does: Supports oxygen transport and energy production.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage varies based on individual needs and deficiencies.

________J________

Juniper Berry Extract:

• Juniper Berry Extract comes from the juniper plant and is believed to have antioxidant properties. It might be included in some supplements for its potential benefits on digestion and kidney health.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and potential benefits for digestion and kidney health.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; consult product labels if available.

Jujube Extract (Ziziphus jujuba):

• Jujube Extract, derived from the jujube fruit, is claimed to have potential calming effects and might be included in supplements for relaxation and stress reduction.
• What it does: Claimed to have calming effects and reduce stress.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum):

• Jiaogulan is an herb native to China and is considered an adaptogen. It's believed to have various health benefits, including potential antioxidant effects and support for endurance and vitality.
• What it does: Acts as an adaptogen, potentially supporting endurance and vitality.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; consult product labels if available.

Jujube Seed Extract (Ziziphus jujuba):

• Jujube Seed Extract, derived from the seeds of the jujube fruit, might be included in supplements for its potential sedative effects and ability to promote relaxation and sleep.
• What it does: Claimed to have sedative effects, promote relaxation, and improve sleep.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Jujubosides:

• Jujubosides are compounds found in the jujube plant and are claimed to have potential calming effects. They might be included in supplements for stress reduction and relaxation.
• What it does: Claimed to have calming effects, reduce stress, and promote relaxation.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

________K________

Kava Kava (Piper methysticum):

• Kava Kava is an herb traditionally used in Pacific Island cultures for its potential sedative and anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects. It's claimed to induce relaxation and might be included in some supplements for stress relief.
• What it does: Induces relaxation and stress relief.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Kanna (Sceletium tortuosum):

• Kanna is an herb native to South Africa and is claimed to have mood-enhancing and stress-reducing effects. It might be included in supplements for its potential to uplift mood and reduce anxiety.
• What it does: Enhances mood and reduces anxiety.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Kelp (Ascophyllum nodosum):

• Kelp is a type of seaweed rich in iodine and other minerals. It might be included in supplements for its potential role in supporting thyroid health due to its iodine content.
• What it does: Supports thyroid health due to its iodine content.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; consult product labels.

Kigelia Africana Extract:

• Kigelia Africana Extract comes from the African sausage tree and is claimed to have antioxidant properties. It might be included in some supplements for potential skin health benefits.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and potential skin health benefits.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Korean Red Ginseng (Panax Ginseng):

• Korean Red Ginseng, also known as Panax Ginseng, is a type of ginseng known for its potential adaptogenic properties. It's believed to support energy, endurance, and overall vitality.
• What it does: Acts as an adaptogen, supporting energy, endurance, and vitality.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage may vary based on the type and preparation of ginseng

________L________

L-Carnitine:

• L-Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that aids in energy production by transporting fatty acids into mitochondria. It's claimed to support fat burning and exercise performance.
• What it does: Supports fatty acid transport and energy production.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 500-2000 mg.

L-Citrulline:

• L-Citrulline is an amino acid that increases nitric oxide production, potentially enhancing blood flow, muscle pumps, and nutrient delivery during workouts.
• What it does: Enhances blood flow, muscle pumps, and nutrient delivery.
• Optimal dosage: Usually around 6-10 grams.

L-Citrulline Malate:

• Citrulline Malate is a mixture of citrulline and malic acid. It is not as good as Citrulline separate from malic acid  but can still increase nitric oxide production, potentially enhancing blood flow, muscle pumps, and nutrient delivery during workouts.
• What it does: Enhances blood flow, muscle pumps, and nutrient delivery.
• Optimal dosage: Usually around 6-8 grams.

L-Norvaline:

• L-Norvaline is an amino acid derivative that's claimed to inhibit the enzyme arginase, potentially leading to increased nitric oxide production and improved blood flow during exercise.
• What it does: May increase nitric oxide production and support blood flow.
• Optimal dosage: Information on specific dosages may vary; follow product guidelines.

L-Phenylalanine:

• L-Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that serves as a building block for proteins. It plays a role in the production of neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, potentially influencing mood and focus.
• What it does: Supports neurotransmitter production affecting mood and focus.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 500-2000 mg.

L-Theanine:

• L-Theanine is an amino acid found in tea leaves and is known for its calming effects. It might be included in pre-workout supplements to promote relaxation without causing sedation.
• What it does: Promotes relaxation without sedation.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 100-200 mg.

L-Taurine:

• L-Taurine is an amino acid that supports various physiological functions in the body, including cardiovascular health, electrolyte balance, and antioxidant activity. It's claimed to aid in exercise performance and reduce muscle fatigue.
• What it does: Supports cardiovascular health and reduces muscle fatigue.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 500-2000 mg.

L-Tyrosine:

• L-Tyrosine is an amino acid involved in the production of neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. It's claimed to support cognitive function, mood, and stress reduction during exercise.
• What it does: Supports cognitive function, mood, and stress reduction.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 500-2000 mg

Lion's Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus):

• Lion's Mane Mushroom contains bioactive compounds that might support brain health, cognitive function, and nerve growth.
• What it does: Supports brain health, cognitive function, and nerve growth.
• Optimal dosage: Varies; commonly found in dosages ranging from a few hundred milligrams to a few grams.

________M________

Malic Acid:

• Malic Acid assists in the Krebs cycle, a process involved in energy production. It's known for its sour taste and might be included in supplements for its potential to support energy production.
• What it does: Assists in energy production processes.
• Optimal dosage: Varies and is often included as part of a formulation.

Maca Root (Lepidium meyenii):

• Maca Root is a plant native to Peru and is claimed to have adaptogenic properties. It's believed to support energy, stamina, and hormonal balance.
• What it does: Supports energy, stamina, and hormonal balance.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Magnesium:

• Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in various bodily functions, including muscle function, energy production, and electrolyte balance. It's important for overall health and exercise performance.
• What it does: Supports muscle function and energy production.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage varies based on individual needs.

Methylliberine:

• Methylliberine is a compound found in certain plants and is claimed to have stimulant properties similar to caffeine.
• What it does: Claims to possess stimulant properties akin to caffeine. 
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM):

• MSM is an organic sulfur compound found in plants and is claimed to have anti-inflammatory properties. It might be included in supplements for potential joint health benefits.
• What it does: Provides potential anti-inflammatory support and aids in joint health.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Mucuna Pruriens Extract (Velvet Bean):

• Mucuna Pruriens Extract is derived from the velvet bean and contains L-DOPA, a precursor to dopamine. It's claimed to support mood, motivation, and possibly muscle growth.
• What it does: Supports mood, motivation, and potentially muscle growth.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Muira Puama Extract (Ptychopetalum olacoides):

• Muira Puama is an herb native to the Amazon rainforest and is believed to have aphrodisiac and energy-boosting properties. It might be included in supplements for vitality and libido support.
• What it does: Claimed to have aphrodisiac and energy-boosting effects.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; consult product labels.

________N________

Naringin:

• Naringin is a flavonoid found in grapefruits and citrus fruits, known for its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
• What it does: Known for potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
• Optimal dosage: Varies; commonly found in dosages ranging from tens to hundreds of milligrams.

N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine:

• N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine is a compound claimed to have stimulant properties similar to DMAA (Dimethylamylamine). It might be included in some supplements for potential energy and mood enhancement, though scientific evidence is limited, and its safety profile is not well-established.
• What it does: Claimed to enhance energy and mood.
• Optimal dosage: Not established due to limited scientific evidence and safety concerns.

Niacin (Vitamin B3):

• Niacin, also known as Vitamin B3, is essential for various bodily functions, including energy production and metabolism. It might be included in supplements for its potential vasodilatory effects, improving blood flow during exercise.
• What it does: Supports energy production and vasodilation.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 16-35 mg for adults.

Nitrosigine® (Inositol-Stabilized Arginine Silicate):

• Nitrosigine® is a patented form of arginine silicate claimed to enhance nitric oxide production and improve blood flow, potentially leading to increased exercise performance and muscle pumps.
• What it does: Enhances nitric oxide production and blood flow.
• Optimal dosage: Varies; typically around 500-1500 mg per day.

Noopept:

• Noopept is a synthetic nootropic compound claimed to enhance cognitive function, focus, and memory. It might be included in some supplements for its potential effects on mental clarity.
• What it does: Enhances cognitive function, focus, and memory.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Norvaline:

• Norvaline is an amino acid derivative that's claimed to inhibit the enzyme arginase, potentially leading to increased nitric oxide production and improved blood flow during exercise.
• What it does: May increase nitric oxide production and support blood flow.
• Optimal dosage: Information on specific dosages may vary; follow product guidelines

________O________

Olive Leaf Extract:

• Olive Leaf Extract comes from the leaves of the olive tree and contains compounds like oleuropein, which is believed to have antioxidant properties. It might be included in supplements for potential immune support and overall health.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and potential immune support.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Octopamine:

• Octopamine is a compound structurally similar to noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and dopamine. It's claimed to have stimulant-like effects and might be included in some supplements for potential energy enhancement.
• What it does: Claimed to have stimulant-like effects, potentially enhancing energy.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Ornithine Alpha-Ketoglutarate (OKG):

• Ornithine Alpha-Ketoglutarate (OKG) is a compound formed by combining ornithine and alpha-ketoglutarate. It's claimed to support protein synthesis and reduce muscle protein breakdown.
• What it does: Supports protein synthesis and reduces muscle protein breakdown.
• Optimal dosage: Information on specific dosages may vary; follow product guidelines.

Orotic Acid:

• Orotic Acid is a compound involved in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. It's claimed to support energy production and might be included in supplements for potential performance benefits.
• What it does: Supports energy production.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Oxiracetam:

• Oxiracetam is a synthetic nootropic compound claimed to enhance cognitive function, memory, and focus. It might be included in some supplements for its potential effects on mental clarity.
• What it does: Enhances cognitive function, memory, and focus.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines

________P________

PeakO2®:

• PeakO2® is a blend of mushroom extracts claimed to potentially improve oxygen utilization, endurance, and performance during exercise.
• What it does: Aims to improve oxygen utilization, endurance, and exercise performance. 
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Phenylethylamine (PEA):

• Phenylethylamine (PEA) is a natural compound found in certain foods and is claimed to have mood-enhancing effects. It might be included in some supplements for potential mood elevation and focus.
• What it does: Claims to enhance mood and focus.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Phosphatidylserine:

• Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid involved in cell structure and function, particularly in the brain. It's claimed to support cognitive function, memory, and mood.
• What it does: Supports cognitive function, memory, and mood.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 100-300 mg.

Piperine (Bioperine):

• Piperine, also known as Bioperine when in supplement form, is derived from black pepper and is believed to enhance nutrient absorption by increasing bioavailability.
• What it does: Enhances nutrient absorption and bioavailability.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Pterostilbene:

• Pterostilbene is a compound found in certain fruits like blueberries and is claimed to have antioxidant properties. It might be included in supplements for potential health benefits similar to resveratrol.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and potential health benefits.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ):

• Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) is a compound found in plant foods and is believed to have antioxidant properties. It might be included in supplements for potential cellular energy support.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and supports cellular energy.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

________Q________

Quercetin:

• Quercetin is a flavonoid found in various fruits, vegetables, and grains. It's known for its antioxidant properties and potential anti-inflammatory effects. Quercetin might be included in some supplements for its potential benefits in supporting exercise performance and recovery.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and potential anti-inflammatory support.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Quercetin Phytosome:

• Quercetin Phytosome is a formulation where quercetin is combined with phospholipids to potentially enhance absorption. It might be used in supplements for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and potential anti-inflammatory support.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines

________R________

Rauwolscine (Alpha-Yohimbine):

• Rauwolscine, also known as Alpha-Yohimbine, is an alkaloid found in the Yohimbe plant. It's structurally similar to yohimbine and might be included in some supplements for potential fat loss and energy enhancement.
• What it does: Claimed to support fat loss and energy.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Rauwolfia Vomitoria (African Serpent Wood):

• Rauwolfia Vomitoria is a plant containing alkaloids such as rauwolscine. It's claimed to have potential sedative effects and might be included in supplements for relaxation and stress reduction.
• What it does: Claimed to have sedative effects and reduce stress.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Rhodiola Rosea:

• Rhodiola Rosea is an adaptogenic herb known for its potential stress-reducing and fatigue-fighting properties. It's claimed to support physical and mental endurance.
• What it does: Supports stress reduction, physical endurance, and mental focus.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 200-600 mg of a standardized extract.

Resveratrol:

• Resveratrol is a polyphenol found in various plants, including grapes and berries. It's known for its antioxidant properties and potential cardiovascular benefits. Resveratrol might be included in supplements for overall health support.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and potential cardiovascular support.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Ribose:

• Ribose is a type of sugar involved in the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a molecule that stores and transports energy in cells. It might be included in supplements for potential energy support.
• What it does: Supports ATP production and energy levels.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

________S________

Saffron Extract:

• Saffron Extract is derived from the Crocus sativus flower and is claimed to have potential mood-enhancing effects. It might be included in supplements for its potential to support mood and well-being.
• What it does: Claimed to enhance mood and well-being.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

S7™ (Green Coffee Bean Extract, Green Tea Extract, Turmeric Extract, Tart Cherry, Blueberry, Broccoli, Kale):

• S7™ is a proprietary blend of plant-based extracts claimed to boost nitric oxide production. It might be included in supplements for its potential to enhance blood flow and exercise performance.
• What it does: Boosts nitric oxide production and potentially enhances blood flow.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Schisandra Chinensis Extract:

• Schisandra Chinensis Extract comes from the Schisandra chinensis plant and is an adaptogen claimed to improve endurance, reduce fatigue, and support liver health.
• What it does: Supports endurance, reduces fatigue, and potentially aids liver health.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Sodium:

• Sodium is an electrolyte essential for maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions. It might be included in supplements to replenish electrolytes lost through sweating during exercise.
• What it does: Maintains fluid balance and supports nerve and muscle function.
• Optimal dosage: Adequate intake varies; follow recommended guidelines.

Spirulina:

• Spirulina is a type of blue-green algae rich in nutrients, including protein, vitamins, and minerals. It might be included in supplements for its potential health benefits, including antioxidant effects.
• What it does: Provides nutrients and potential antioxidant support.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Synapsis™:

• Synapsis™ might relate to supporting cognitive function or brain health; however, specific functions can vary. 
• What it does: Aims to support cognitive function or brain health. 
• Optimal dosage: Information may vary depending on the product.

Synephrine (Bitter Orange Extract):

• Synephrine is a compound found in Bitter Orange extract claimed to have stimulant-like effects. It might be included in supplements for potential energy enhancement and fat loss.
• What it does: Claimed to enhance energy and potentially aid in fat loss.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines

________T________

Tart Cherry Extract:

• Tart Cherry Extract is derived from tart cherries and contains compounds like anthocyanins, which are claimed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It might be included in supplements for potential muscle recovery benefits.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and potential muscle recovery support.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Taurine:

• Taurine is an amino acid that plays various roles in the body, including aiding in the regulation of hydration and electrolyte balance. It might be included in supplements for potential support in exercise performance and muscle function.
• What it does: Supports hydration, electrolyte balance, and exercise performance.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 500-2000 mg.

Tart Cherry Extract:

• Tart Cherry Extract is derived from tart cherries and contains compounds like anthocyanins, which are claimed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It might be included in supplements for potential muscle recovery benefits.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and potential muscle recovery support.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Theobromine:

• Theobromine is a compound found in cocoa beans and is structurally similar to caffeine. It's known for its potential stimulant effects and might be included in supplements for energy enhancement.
• What it does: Provides a mild stimulant effect and potential energy enhancement.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Theophylline Anhydrous:

• Theophylline Anhydrous is a methylxanthine compound similar to caffeine and theobromine. It might be included in supplements for its potential stimulant effects and bronchodilator properties.
• What it does: Provides stimulant effects and potential bronchodilation.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia):

• Tongkat Ali is an herb also known as Longjack and is claimed to have potential aphrodisiac and testosterone-boosting effects. It might be included in supplements for vitality and libido support.
• What it does: Claimed to have aphrodisiac and testosterone-boosting effects.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Trimethylglycine (Betaine Anhydrous):

• Trimethylglycine, also known as Betaine Anhydrous, is an amino acid derivative. It's claimed to support methylation processes in the body and might be included in supplements for potential exercise performance benefits.
• What it does: Supports methylation processes and exercise performance.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 1500-2500 mg.

Turmeric Extract (Curcumin):

• Turmeric Extract contains curcumin, a compound with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It might be included in supplements for its potential benefits in reducing exercise-induced inflammation.
• What it does: Provides antioxidants and potential anti-inflammatory support.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Tyrosine (L-Tyrosine):

• Tyrosine is an amino acid involved in the production of neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. It's claimed to support cognitive function, mood, and stress reduction during exercise.
• What it does: Supports cognitive function, mood, and stress reduction.
• Optimal dosage: Typically around 500-2000 mg

________U________

Ursolic Acid:

• Ursolic Acid is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, including apple peels. It's claimed to have potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It might be included in supplements for its purported benefits in muscle growth and fat loss.
• What it does: Claimed to have antioxidant properties and potentially supports muscle growth and fat loss.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Uridine Monophosphate:

• Uridine Monophosphate is a nucleotide base and might be included in supplements for potential cognitive support. It plays a role in the synthesis of RNA and is claimed to have brain health benefits.
• What it does: Claimed to support cognitive function and brain health.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines

________V________

Vanadium:

• Vanadium is a trace mineral that's claimed to potentially support insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. It might be included in supplements for its purported benefits in improving muscle function and performance.
• What it does: Claimed to support insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

Vasodilators (Various types):

• Vasodilators are substances that widen blood vessels, potentially enhancing blood flow. Various ingredients, such as certain amino acids, plant extracts, or compounds like nitric oxide precursors, might act as vasodilators in pre-workout supplements.
• What they do: Enhance blood flow by widening blood vessels.
• Optimal dosage: Specific dosages may vary based on the particular ingredient; follow product guidelines.

Vitamin A (Retinol):

• Role: Supports vision, immune function, skin health, and cell growth.
• Optimal Dosage: Varies by age and gender. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults is around 700-900 micrograms per day for men and 600-700 micrograms per day for women.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine):

• Role: Helps convert food into energy, supports nerve function, and assists in carbohydrate metabolism.
• Optimal Dosage: RDA for adults is about 1.2 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women per day.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin):

• Role: Supports energy production, metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and helps maintain healthy skin.
• Optimal Dosage: RDA for adults is about 1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women per day.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin):

• Role: Supports energy production, DNA repair, and skin health. It also aids in cholesterol management.
• Optimal Dosage: RDA for adults is around 16 mg for men and 14 mg for women per day.

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid):

• Role: Important for energy production, hormone synthesis, and supports wound healing.
• Optimal Dosage: Adequate intake varies but is generally around 5 mg per day for adults.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine):

• Role: Essential for brain development and function, supports the nervous system, and helps in the production of neurotransmitters.
• Optimal Dosage: RDA for adults is around 1.3-1.7 mg per day.

Vitamin B7 (Biotin):

• Role: Supports metabolism, assists in the production of fatty acids, and helps maintain healthy hair, skin, and nails.
• Optimal Dosage: Adequate intake is around 30-35 micrograms per day for adults.

Vitamin B9 (Folate/Folic Acid):

• Role: Essential for cell division and DNA synthesis, important during pregnancy for fetal development.
• Optimal Dosage: RDA for adults is around 400 micrograms per day.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin):

• Role: Important for nerve function, DNA synthesis, and red blood cell production.
• Optimal Dosage: RDA for adults is around 2.4 micrograms per day.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid):

• Role: Acts as an antioxidant, supports immune function, collagen production, wound healing, and iron absorption.
• Optimal Dosage: RDA for adults is around 90 mg for men and 75 mg for women per day.

Vitamin D (Calciferol):

• Role: Helps maintain bone health, supports immune function, and plays a role in calcium absorption.
• Optimal Dosage: RDA varies but is often around 600-800 IU (International Units) per day for adults.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol):

• Role: Acts as an antioxidant, supports immune function, and helps protect cells from damage.
• Optimal Dosage: RDA for adults is around 15 mg or 22.4 IU per day.

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone/Menaquinone):

• Role: Essential for blood clotting, bone health, and may have a role in heart health.
• Optimal Dosage: Adequate intake varies, but around 90-120 micrograms per day for adults

Velvet Bean Extract (Mucuna Pruriens):

• Velvet Bean Extract is derived from the Mucuna pruriens plant and contains L-DOPA, a precursor to dopamine. It's claimed to support mood, motivation, and potentially muscle growth.
• What it does: Supports mood, motivation, and potentially muscle growth.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines

________W________

Whey Protein:

• Whey Protein is a popular protein source derived from milk. It contains a high concentration of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and is rapidly absorbed, making it beneficial for muscle recovery and growth.
• What it does: Supports muscle recovery and growth.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage varies based on individual protein needs

________X________

Xanthan Gum:

• Xanthan Gum is a common food additive used as a thickening agent. While not a typical pre-workout ingredient for performance enhancement, it might be included in some supplement formulations to improve texture or consistency.
• What it does: Acts as a thickening agent.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage varies based on the intended texture in the product

________Y________

Yohimbine:

• Yohimbine is an alkaloid found in the bark of the yohimbe tree. It's known for its potential as a stimulant and might be included in supplements for its claimed fat-burning effects or as a potential aid for exercise performance.
• What it does: Claimed to have stimulant effects and potentially aid in fat loss.
• Optimal dosage: Dosage information may vary; follow product guidelines.

________Z________

Zinc:

• Zinc is an essential mineral involved in various bodily functions, including immune support, protein synthesis, and enzyme activity. While not a typical pre-workout ingredient for immediate performance enhancement, adequate zinc levels are essential for overall health and may indirectly support exercise recovery and immune function.
• What it does: Supports immune function and various physiological processes.
• Optimal dosage: Adequate intake varies based on age, sex, and specific needs.